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Industrial Machinery & Capital Equipment Industry Acronyms

Industrial Machinery & Capital Equipment Industry Acronyms

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This glossary defines key commercial, engineering, operational, quality, and lifecycle terminology used by machinery manufacturers and operators in the broader Manufacturing & Industrial Equipment sector. It helps professionals working in the Industrial Machinery & Capital Equipment Practice interpret specifications, contracts, performance measures, and service requirements.

0–9 A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V W

0–9
8D Eight Disciplines Problem Solving:
A structured, team-based method for containing, identifying, correcting, and preventing recurring equipment or supplier-quality problems.
A
AEM Association of Equipment Manufacturers:
A North American trade association representing construction, agricultural, utility, mining, and related equipment manufacturers and promoting technical standards, market data, and public policy priorities.
AGMA American Gear Manufacturers Association:
An industry organization that develops widely used standards for the design, rating, inspection, and application of gears and gear drives.
AHJ Authority Having Jurisdiction:
The organization or official responsible for interpreting and enforcing applicable equipment, building, fire, or installation requirements at a site.
AMC Annual Maintenance Contract:
A recurring service agreement covering defined inspections, preventive maintenance, repairs, or technical support for installed machinery.
ANSI American National Standards Institute:
The organization that coordinates voluntary consensus standards in the United States, including many requirements applied to industrial machinery, components, and workplace equipment.
AOR Allowable Operating Region:
The operating range within which a pump may run, subject to specified limits, without unacceptable reliability, vibration, temperature, or hydraulic risk.
APG Advance Payment Guarantee:
A bank guarantee protecting a buyer’s advance payment if a machinery supplier fails to meet the associated contractual obligations.
API American Petroleum Institute:
A standards organization whose specifications are widely applied to pumps, compressors, turbines, seals, and other machinery supplied to petroleum and process-industry facilities.
APQP Advanced Product Quality Planning:
A structured framework for translating customer requirements into product and production controls before launching new machinery, assemblies, or components.
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers:
A professional and standards organization whose codes govern areas such as pressure equipment, piping, lifting devices, dimensional practices, and mechanical testing.
ATEX Atmosphères Explosibles:
The European Union framework governing equipment and protective systems intended for potentially explosive atmospheres, including machinery ignition-risk assessment and conformity marking.
AVL Approved Vendor List:
A controlled list of suppliers qualified to provide specified components, materials, processes, or services for equipment production and projects.
AWS American Welding Society:
An organization that publishes welding codes, qualification requirements, inspection practices, and certifications used in fabricated machinery and structural assemblies.
B
BEP Best Efficiency Point:
The operating condition at which a pump achieves its highest hydraulic efficiency and typically experiences favorable reliability and vibration performance.
BHP Brake Horsepower:
The mechanical power delivered at an engine or machine shaft, commonly used to size drivers and evaluate equipment performance.
BOD Basis of Design:
A document recording the design assumptions, operating conditions, codes, performance criteria, and interfaces governing an equipment package or project.
BOM Bill of Materials:
The controlled hierarchy of parts, materials, subassemblies, and quantities required to manufacture or service a machine.
BOQ Bill of Quantities:
An itemized schedule of equipment, materials, labor, or installation quantities used for tendering, pricing, and commercial control.
C
CAD Computer-Aided Design:
Software-based creation and control of equipment models, drawings, dimensions, and design documentation.
CAE Computer-Aided Engineering:
The use of simulation and analytical software to evaluate equipment behavior, loads, thermal performance, fluid flow, and other engineering conditions.
CAPA Corrective and Preventive Action:
A quality-system process for eliminating causes of detected nonconformities and preventing comparable problems from occurring or recurring.
CAPEX Capital Expenditure:
Spending to acquire, install, upgrade, or extend the useful life of machinery and other long-lived productive assets.
CAR Corrective Action Request:
A formal demand that an internal team or supplier investigate a nonconformity, correct it, and address its root cause.
CBE Commercial Bid Evaluation:
A structured comparison of supplier prices, payment terms, delivery commitments, warranties, exclusions, and other commercial conditions.
CBM Condition-Based Maintenance:
A maintenance approach that initiates work based on measured equipment condition rather than solely on elapsed time or operating hours.
CE Conformité Européenne:
A marking indicating that equipment placed on the European Economic Area market conforms to applicable European Union health, safety, and environmental requirements.
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer used to develop and verify pumps, fans, valves, ducts, cooling systems, and process machinery.
CMMS Computerized Maintenance Management System:
A system for planning work orders, recording equipment history, scheduling maintenance, and controlling spare-parts inventories.
CMTR Certified Material Test Report:
A traceability document reporting a material’s chemical composition, mechanical properties, specification, heat number, and certification status.
CoC Certificate of Conformity:
A supplier or authorized-body declaration that equipment or components satisfy identified specifications, standards, or regulatory requirements.
COD Commercial Operation Date:
The contractual date when installed equipment or a facility is accepted as available for normal revenue-producing operation.
COPQ Cost of Poor Quality:
The cost of scrap, rework, warranty claims, field failures, concessions, expediting, and other consequences of nonconforming output.
COQ Cost of Quality:
The combined cost of prevention, appraisal, internal failure, and external failure activities used to manage equipment and production quality.
CPQ Configure, Price, Quote:
A rules-based process or system for creating technically valid machinery configurations, calculating prices, and producing customer quotations.
CTO Configure-to-Order:
A fulfillment model in which machinery is assembled or produced from predefined modules and options selected for a specific customer order.
CTQ Critical to Quality:
A measurable product, process, or service characteristic that must be controlled to satisfy essential customer or regulatory requirements.
CWI Certified Welding Inspector:
An American Welding Society credential for personnel qualified to inspect welds, procedures, documentation, and code compliance.
D
DE Drive End:
The end of rotating equipment connected to the driver or driven load, used when identifying bearings, seals, vibration points, and service locations.
DFA Design for Assembly:
A product-development approach that simplifies assembly, reduces part counts, limits handling, and improves build consistency.
DFM Design for Manufacturability:
A design approach that considers process capability, material selection, tolerances, tooling, cost, and production risk early in development.
DFMA Design for Manufacture and Assembly:
An integrated method for simplifying product structures and ensuring that components can be produced and assembled efficiently and reliably.
DFMEA Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis:
A systematic assessment of potential design failures, their effects, causes, controls, and risk-reduction actions before release.
DLP Defects Liability Period:
The contractual period after delivery or acceptance during which the supplier must correct qualifying defects.
DN Diamètre Nominal:
A dimensionless metric designation for the nominal size of pipework and mating equipment connections.
DOR Division of Responsibility:
A project matrix defining which party is responsible for design, supply, installation, utilities, testing, documentation, and commissioning tasks.
DPPM Defective Parts Per Million:
A supplier or production quality metric expressing the number of defective units for every million units delivered or produced.
E
EAM Enterprise Asset Management:
The coordinated management of asset records, maintenance, costs, risks, performance, and lifecycle decisions across an installed equipment base.
EBOM Engineering Bill of Materials:
The product structure defined by engineering to represent the designed components and assemblies before conversion into manufacturing requirements.
ECN Engineering Change Notice:
A controlled communication that records and authorizes a change to product designs, drawings, specifications, or bills of materials.
ECO Engineering Change Order:
A formal instruction implementing an approved engineering change and identifying affected products, documents, inventories, and effective dates.
ECR Engineering Change Request:
A proposal to evaluate a potential product or documentation change before formal approval and implementation.
EOL End of Life:
The lifecycle stage when a machine, component, or product line is discontinued, requiring plans for replacements, spares, and customer support.
EPC Engineering, Procurement and Construction:
A contracting model under which one entity assumes integrated responsibility for designing, sourcing, constructing, and delivering a completed project or system.
EPCM Engineering, Procurement and Construction Management:
A delivery model in which a contractor manages design, procurement, and construction while contracts and project risks generally remain with the owner.
ETO Engineer-to-Order:
A fulfillment model in which substantial engineering is performed after receipt of a customer order to meet application-specific requirements.
F
FAC Final Acceptance Certificate:
A contractual document confirming that final completion criteria have been met and remaining supplier obligations are limited to stated warranty terms.
FAI First Article Inspection:
A documented verification that the first production item conforms to drawing, specification, material, and process requirements.
FAT Factory Acceptance Test:
A witnessed or documented test at the supplier’s facility to verify equipment functionality and contractual performance before shipment.
FEA Finite Element Analysis:
A numerical method for evaluating stress, deformation, vibration, fatigue, heat transfer, and other physical behavior in equipment designs.
FEED Front-End Engineering Design:
The engineering phase that develops project scope, design criteria, equipment requirements, costs, and execution plans before detailed design.
FEL Front-End Loading:
A staged project-development process used to define scope, evaluate alternatives, reduce uncertainty, and improve capital-investment decisions.
FFT Fast Fourier Transform:
A signal-processing method that converts vibration or acoustic data into frequency components to help diagnose machinery faults.
FMEA Failure Mode and Effects Analysis:
A structured method for identifying potential failures, assessing their consequences and causes, and prioritizing preventive controls.
FMECA Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis:
An extension of failure-mode analysis that ranks failure consequences by criticality to support design, maintenance, and risk decisions.
FOS Factor of Safety:
The ratio between a component’s limiting strength or capacity and the maximum expected design load or demand.
FPY First Pass Yield:
The proportion of units that complete a process correctly without rework, repair, retesting, or scrap.
FRACAS Failure Reporting, Analysis and Corrective Action System:
A closed-loop reliability process for recording equipment failures, analyzing causes, assigning actions, and verifying corrective effectiveness.
FSR Field Service Representative:
A technical specialist who installs, inspects, commissions, troubleshoots, or repairs machinery at customer sites.
G
GA General Arrangement:
A drawing showing the overall equipment layout, principal dimensions, connection points, clearances, access requirements, and interfaces.
GD&T Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing:
A standardized symbolic language used on engineering drawings to control the allowable form, orientation, location, and runout of features.
GR&R Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility:
A measurement-system study that quantifies variation caused by the measuring device and the people using it.
H
HAZ Heat-Affected Zone:
The portion of base material whose microstructure and properties are altered by welding or thermal cutting without being melted.
HAZOP Hazard and Operability Study:
A systematic team review used to identify process deviations, equipment hazards, operability problems, safeguards, and recommended actions.
HI Hydraulic Institute:
A trade association and standards developer for pumps and pumping systems, covering performance, testing, efficiency, reliability, and application practices.
HP Horsepower:
A unit of power commonly used to rate engines, motors, pumps, compressors, and other industrial machinery.
I
IB Installed Base:
The population of equipment operating at customer sites, which underpins aftermarket demand, service planning, upgrades, and lifecycle revenue.
IFA Issued for Approval:
A document status indicating that a drawing or technical submission has been formally released for customer or project approval.
IFC Issued for Construction:
A document status indicating that an approved drawing or specification is authorized for fabrication, installation, or construction use.
ISO International Organization for Standardization:
An independent international standards body whose requirements and guidance cover machinery safety, quality, dimensions, testing, reliability, and management systems.
ITP Inspection and Test Plan:
A quality document listing required inspections, tests, acceptance criteria, records, responsibilities, and customer witness or hold points.
L
LCC Life-Cycle Cost:
The total cost of acquiring, installing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of equipment over its economic life.
LD Liquidated Damages:
Predetermined contractual compensation payable for specified failures such as late delivery or failure to achieve guaranteed equipment performance.
LLI Long-Lead Item:
A component or material with a procurement or manufacturing lead time that may constrain the overall equipment or project schedule.
LOTO Lockout/Tagout:
A hazardous-energy control procedure used to isolate machinery and prevent unexpected startup or energy release during service work.
LTSA Long-Term Service Agreement:
A multi-year contract defining maintenance, parts, inspections, performance support, response obligations, and pricing for installed equipment.
M
MAWP Maximum Allowable Working Pressure:
The highest pressure permitted at a designated temperature for pressure-containing equipment under the applicable design code.
MBOM Manufacturing Bill of Materials:
The product structure organized around how a machine will be built, including production assemblies, consumables, and process-related items.
MCSF Minimum Continuous Stable Flow:
The lowest flow at which a centrifugal pump can operate continuously without exceeding specified vibration or stability limits.
MD Machinery Directive:
The European Union framework establishing essential health and safety requirements for machinery placed on the market under Directive 2006/42/EC.
MDMT Minimum Design Metal Temperature:
The lowest metal temperature used to determine material toughness and design suitability for pressure-containing equipment.
MOC Management of Change:
A formal process for reviewing, approving, documenting, and communicating modifications that could affect equipment safety, reliability, or operation.
MOC Material of Construction:
The specified material used for an equipment component, selected for strength, temperature, corrosion, wear, and process compatibility.
MR Material Requisition:
An engineering and procurement document defining the technical, quantity, quality, documentation, and delivery requirements for purchased equipment or materials.
MRB Material Review Board:
A cross-functional body authorized to determine the disposition of nonconforming materials or products through rework, repair, concession, return, or scrap.
MRO Maintenance, Repair and Operations:
The spare parts, consumables, tools, and services required to keep machinery and production facilities operating.
MRP Material Requirements Planning:
A planning method that converts demand and bills of materials into time-phased requirements for purchased and manufactured components.
MSA Measurement Systems Analysis:
A set of statistical methods used to determine whether inspection and measurement systems are sufficiently accurate and consistent.
MTBF Mean Time Between Failures:
A reliability measure representing the average operating time between repairable equipment failures.
MTC Mill Test Certificate:
A document supplied by a material producer reporting traceability, chemical composition, mechanical properties, and compliance with the ordered specification.
MTR Material Test Report:
A quality record documenting test results and traceability for material used in fabricated or pressure-containing equipment.
MTTR Mean Time to Repair:
A maintainability measure representing the average time required to restore failed equipment to operating condition.
N
NCR Nonconformance Report:
A controlled record identifying a departure from specified requirements and documenting its investigation, disposition, and corrective actions.
NDE Non-Destructive Examination:
Inspection methods used to assess materials, welds, and components without impairing their future usefulness.
NDE Non-Drive End:
The end of rotating equipment opposite the driver connection, commonly referenced when identifying bearings and vibration measurement locations.
NDT Non-Destructive Testing:
The use of visual, penetrant, magnetic, radiographic, ultrasonic, or related methods to detect defects without damaging the inspected item.
NFPA National Fluid Power Association:
A trade and standards organization serving hydraulic and pneumatic technology used in mobile and industrial machinery.
NPS Nominal Pipe Size:
A North American designation for the nominal size of pipe and mating equipment connections rather than their exact measured diameter.
NPSH Net Positive Suction Head:
A measure of suction-side pressure margin used to assess and prevent cavitation in pumping systems.
NPSHa Net Positive Suction Head Available:
The suction pressure margin provided by the installed pumping system under a specified operating condition.
NPSHr Net Positive Suction Head Required:
The suction pressure margin a pump requires at a stated flow and speed to remain within its defined cavitation-performance criterion.
NRE Non-Recurring Engineering:
One-time design, development, testing, tooling, or qualification work required for a customized equipment order or new product.
NTP Notice to Proceed:
A formal customer authorization allowing a supplier or contractor to begin defined work under a contract.
O
O&M Operations and Maintenance:
The procedures, documentation, staffing, parts, and services required to operate machinery safely and sustain its performance.
OEE Overall Equipment Effectiveness:
A production performance metric combining equipment availability, operating performance, and quality yield.
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer:
The company that designs or manufactures the original machine or branded equipment and commonly supplies authorized parts and lifecycle services.
OPEX Operating Expenditure:
Recurring spending required to run and maintain machinery, including energy, labor, consumables, service, and repairs.
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration:
The United States federal agency that sets and enforces workplace safety requirements affecting machinery guarding, hazardous-energy control, and equipment operation.
OTD On-Time Delivery:
A performance measure showing the proportion of orders or project milestones completed by the committed date.
P
P&ID Piping and Instrumentation Diagram:
A schematic showing process equipment, piping, valves, instruments, controls, and interconnections needed for design, installation, and operation.
PAC Provisional Acceptance Certificate:
A contractual document acknowledging that equipment has met defined initial acceptance conditions, often subject to completion of remaining punch-list items.
PBG Performance Bank Guarantee:
A bank-backed instrument protecting the buyer if a supplier fails to perform specified contractual obligations.
PDM Product Data Management:
A system for controlling engineering files, revisions, product structures, approvals, and technical documentation.
PdM Predictive Maintenance:
A maintenance strategy that uses condition data and analytical methods to forecast failures and schedule work before functional loss.
PED Pressure Equipment Directive:
The European Union directive governing the design, manufacture, conformity assessment, and marking of qualifying pressure equipment and assemblies.
PFD Process Flow Diagram:
A high-level drawing showing major equipment, process streams, flow direction, and key operating conditions.
PFMEA Process Failure Mode and Effects Analysis:
A structured review of potential manufacturing or assembly process failures, their causes, controls, and risk-reduction actions.
PLM Product Lifecycle Management:
The processes and systems used to govern product information from concept and design through manufacture, service, and retirement.
PM Preventive Maintenance:
Planned work performed at predetermined intervals to reduce failure probability and sustain equipment condition.
PMI Positive Material Identification:
An examination used to verify the elemental composition and alloy grade of critical equipment materials.
PO Purchase Order:
A commercial document authorizing a supplier to provide defined equipment, parts, or services under specified prices, quantities, terms, and delivery conditions.
POR Preferred Operating Region:
The range around a pump’s best-efficiency condition where hydraulic performance and reliability are expected to be most favorable.
PPAP Production Part Approval Process:
A supplier-quality process demonstrating that product requirements are understood and that the production process can repeatedly make conforming parts.
PQR Procedure Qualification Record:
A record of actual welding variables and test results used to demonstrate that a welding procedure can produce an acceptable joint.
PR Purchase Requisition:
An internal request authorizing procurement to source specified equipment, materials, parts, or services.
PT Penetrant Testing:
A non-destructive method that uses a penetrating liquid and developer to reveal surface-breaking discontinuities in nonporous materials.
PTO Power Take-Off:
A mechanical interface that transfers power from an engine or transmission to auxiliary machinery or an attached implement.
PUWER Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations:
United Kingdom regulations requiring work equipment to be suitable, maintained, inspected, guarded, and operated by appropriately trained personnel.
PWHT Post-Weld Heat Treatment:
Controlled heating and cooling after welding to reduce residual stress or achieve required metallurgical and mechanical properties.
Q
QAP Quality Assurance Plan:
A project or product document defining quality responsibilities, controls, audits, inspections, records, and acceptance activities.
QMS Quality Management System:
The documented policies, processes, responsibilities, and records used to ensure consistent fulfillment of customer and regulatory requirements.
R
RAM Reliability, Availability and Maintainability:
Three interrelated equipment attributes used to evaluate failure performance, operating readiness, and ease of restoration.
RAMS Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety:
An integrated framework for specifying and assessing dependable and safe performance across an equipment system’s lifecycle.
RBI Risk-Based Inspection:
An inspection-planning approach that prioritizes equipment based on the probability and consequences of failure.
RCA Root Cause Analysis:
A systematic investigation that identifies the underlying causes of failures or nonconformities so effective corrective actions can be implemented.
RCFA Root Cause Failure Analysis:
A reliability-focused investigation of equipment failure mechanisms, contributing conditions, and actions required to prevent recurrence.
RCM Reliability-Centered Maintenance:
A method for selecting maintenance tasks based on equipment functions, failure modes, consequences, and technically appropriate interventions.
RFI Request for Information:
A formal inquiry used to clarify technical, commercial, or contractual information during bidding or project execution.
RFP Request for Proposal:
A buyer’s solicitation requesting a supplier’s proposed technical solution, execution approach, schedule, and commercial offer.
RFQ Request for Quotation:
A solicitation asking suppliers to quote defined machinery, parts, or services against stated specifications and commercial terms.
RLA Remaining Life Assessment:
An engineering evaluation estimating how long equipment or a component can continue operating under defined conditions.
RMS Root Mean Square:
A statistical measure of signal magnitude widely used to express overall machinery vibration, electrical current, and other varying quantities.
RPM Revolutions Per Minute:
A measure of rotational speed used to specify and monitor shafts, motors, engines, pumps, and other rotating equipment.
RPN Risk Priority Number:
A traditional failure-mode analysis score calculated from severity, occurrence, and detection ratings to help prioritize risk-reduction actions.
RT Radiographic Testing:
A non-destructive method using X-rays or gamma rays to identify internal discontinuities in welds, castings, and components.
RTY Rolled Throughput Yield:
The probability that a unit will pass every step in a multi-stage process without defects or rework.
RUL Remaining Useful Life:
An estimate of the operating time left before an asset or component reaches a defined failure or replacement threshold.
S
SAT Site Acceptance Test:
A test performed after installation to verify that equipment functions correctly in its operating environment and meets contractual acceptance criteria.
SCAR Supplier Corrective Action Request:
A formal requirement for a supplier to investigate a quality failure, contain affected material, correct the issue, and prevent recurrence.
SDRL Supplier Data Requirements List:
A contractual schedule defining the drawings, calculations, certificates, manuals, and other documents a supplier must submit.
SLA Service-Level Agreement:
A contractual definition of service scope, response times, resolution targets, availability, reporting, and remedies.
SOW Scope of Work:
A contractual description of the equipment, services, deliverables, responsibilities, exclusions, schedule, and acceptance requirements.
SPC Statistical Process Control:
The use of control charts and statistical methods to monitor process stability, detect abnormal variation, and sustain manufacturing capability.
SPIR Spare Parts Interchangeability Record:
A project document identifying recommended spare parts, quantities, manufacturers, part numbers, and interchangeability across equipment units.
T
T&M Time and Materials:
A commercial arrangement under which service labor and supplied materials are billed at agreed rates based on actual usage.
TBE Technical Bid Evaluation:
A structured assessment of whether supplier proposals comply with specifications, performance requirements, interfaces, standards, and delivery obligations.
TCO Total Cost of Ownership:
The full economic cost of equipment, including acquisition, installation, energy, maintenance, downtime, consumables, and disposal.
TDH Total Dynamic Head:
The total energy per unit weight that a pump must add to overcome elevation, pressure, and system resistance.
TEMA Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association:
An industry association whose standards define mechanical design, fabrication, tolerances, and nomenclature for shell-and-tube heat exchangers.
TIC Total Installed Cost:
The complete capital cost of placing equipment into service, including purchase, freight, foundations, installation, utilities, engineering, and commissioning.
TIR Total Indicator Reading:
The full variation shown by a dial indicator over one measurement cycle, commonly used to quantify shaft or component runout.
TQ Technical Query:
A formal request for clarification or approval concerning a specification, drawing, deviation, interface, or proposed technical solution.
TRL Technology Readiness Level:
A scale used to assess the maturity of a technology from basic principles through validated and operational deployment.
U
UKCA UK Conformity Assessed:
A product marking used for goods placed on the market in Great Britain when applicable United Kingdom conformity requirements are met.
UT Ultrasonic Testing:
A non-destructive method that uses high-frequency sound waves to detect internal flaws or measure material thickness.
V
VA/VE Value Analysis/Value Engineering:
Structured methods for improving function-to-cost performance through design, material, process, sourcing, or specification changes.
VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure:
The Association of German Engineers, which publishes technical guidelines used internationally in mechanical engineering, testing, vibration, and equipment design.
VDMA Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau:
A major European mechanical and plant-engineering industry association representing machinery manufacturers and supporting technical, economic, and regulatory work.
VDR Vendor Document Register:
A controlled index used to track required supplier drawings, calculations, certificates, manuals, revisions, and approval status.
VDRL Vendor Data Requirements List:
A contractual list defining the technical documents and data a machinery vendor must submit at specified project stages.
VMI Vendor-Managed Inventory:
An arrangement in which a supplier monitors and replenishes agreed component or spare-parts inventory at the customer or service location.
VT Visual Testing:
A direct or remote non-destructive examination used to identify surface defects, misalignment, damage, and workmanship issues.
W
WBS Work Breakdown Structure:
A hierarchical decomposition of project scope into manageable deliverables and work packages for planning, costing, scheduling, and accountability.
WPQ Welder Performance Qualification:
A documented demonstration that a welder can produce acceptable welds using a specified process, position, material range, and procedure.
WPS Welding Procedure Specification:
A qualified written instruction defining the welding process, materials, variables, consumables, and conditions required to produce compliant welds.